This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Web of Science (2) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Medilanski, E. Articles by Larsen, T. A Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?

Wastewater management in Kunming, China: a stakeholder perspective on measures at the source

High Performance Organisations AG, Kantonstrasse 14, 8807 Freienbach, Switzerland, edikasuku{at}yahoo.fr

Liang Chuan

Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, Economic Research Institute, 577 Huanchengxilu (West Wing Road), 650034 Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China, liangchuan{at}hotmail.com

Hans-Joachim Mosler

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, hans-joachim.mosler{at}eawag.ch

Roland Schertenleib

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, roland.schertenleib{at}eawag.ch

Tove A Larsen

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland, tove.larsen{at}eawag.ch

Large sewer systems with central wastewater treatment plants were long considered a successful model that could be exported to practically any city of the world. This centralized, highly water-consuming system has, however, shown its limits in some developing and transition countries, especially in fast-growing cities with limited water resources. This study from around Lake Dianchi in Yunnan, China, investigated the feasibility of introducing measures at the source for the different urban wastewater contributions in the city of Kunming, and the stakeholder perspectives on this approach. In addition, the stakeholders evaluated the potential of two different sanitation alternatives that allowed the separation and re-use of human excreta as fertilizer. Most of those interviewed approved of measures at the source, especially for industrial wastewater and toilet waste. There was a prevailing optimism with respect to the potential of technical developments and the likelihood of increased environmental awareness within a relatively short time span of 20 years. The findings suggest that China will prove to be one of the most interesting and productive "laboratories" for the development of decentralized wastewater treatment alternatives.

Key Words: China • ecological sanitation • expert interviews • socioeconomic • source control • stakeholders • urine separation • wastewater

References

• Bregnhøj, Henrik, Ann Marie Eilersen, Martin Krayer von Krauss and Arne Backlund (2003), "Experiences with ecosan in Danish allotment gardens and in development projects" , in Ecosan - Closing the Loop, Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation in Lübeck, 2003, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, pages 143-150 .
• China Statistics Press, Kunming Statistical Yearbook (2002), Kunming, China .
• Christ, Claus (1999), "Integrated environmental protection reduces water pollution" , Chemical Engineering and Technology Vol 22, No 8, pages 642-651 .[CrossRef]
• Gray, A V and Wang Li (1999), "Case study on water quality modelling of Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, South-West China" , Water Science and Technology Vol 40, No 2, pages 35-43 .[Web of Science]
• Harremoës, Poul (1998), "Upgrading our inherited urban water systems" , Water Science and Technology Vol 37, No 9, pages 1-8 .[Web of Science]
• Henze, Mogens (1997), "Waste design for households with respect to water, organics and nutrients" , Water Science and Technology Vol 35, No 9, pages 113-120 .
• Huang, Don-Bing, Hans-Peter Bader, Ruth Scheidegger, Roland Schertenleib and Willi Gujer (in press), "Confronting limitations: new solutions required for urban water management in Kunming City" , accepted for publication in Journal of Environmental Management.
• Johansson, Mats (2000), "Urine separation - closing the nutrient cycle", Stockholm Water Company , website: http://www.stockholmvatten.se/pdf_arkiv/english/Urinsep_eng.pdf.
• Krejci, Vladimir (1996), "Integrated approach to the point-non point-pollution abatement in urban drainage" , Water Science and Technology Vol 33, No 4-5, pages 9-15 .
• KUPDI (2003), Planungskonzept des Städtesystems um den Diansee - Die "vier-Zonen-um-den-See" - Plannung, Kunming Urban Planning and Design Institute, Kunming, internal document (in German).
• Larsen, Tove A and Willi Gujer (1997), "The concept of sustainable urban water management" , Water Science and Technology Vol 35, No 9, pages 3-10 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Larsen, Tove A and Willi Gujer (2001), "Waste design and source control lead to flexibility in wastewater management" , Water Science and Technology Vol 43, No 5, pages 309-317 .[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Larsen, Tove A, Irene Peters, Alfredo Alder, Rik Eggen, Max Maurer and Jane Muncke (2001), "Re-engineering the toilet for sustainable wastewater management" , Environmental Science & Technology Vol 35, No 9, pages 192A-197A .
• Lienert, Judit, Kirsten Thiemann, Ruth Kaufmann-Hayoz and Tove A Larsen (2004), "Young users accept NoMix toilets - a questionnaire survey on urine source-separating toilets in a college in Switzerland" , Proceedings of the 4th IWA World Water Congress and Exhibition, 19-24 September 2004, Marrakech, Morocco (CD-Rom).
• Lienert, Judit and Tove A Larsen (2006), "Considering user attitude in early development of environmentally friendly technology: a case study of NoMix toilets" , Environmental Science & Technology Vol 40, pages 4834-4844 .
• Lin, Jiang (2002), "Ecosan development in Guangxi, China" , EcoSanRes Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation, 5-8 November 2001, Nanning, China.
• Medilanski, Edi, Chuan Liang, Hans-Joachim Mosler, Roland Schertenleib and Tove A Larsen (in press), "Identifying the institutional decision process to introduce decentralized sanitation in the city of Kunming (China)" , accepted for publication in Environmental Management.
• Meuser, Michael and Ulrike Nagel (1991), "ExpertInneninterviews - vielfach erprobt, wenig bedacht. Ein Beitrag zur qualitativen Methodendiskussion", in Detlef Garz and Klaus Kraimer (editors), Qualitativempirische Sozialforschung, Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen , pages 441-468 (in German).
• Pahl-Wostl, Claudia, Andreas Schönborn, Nicole Willi, Jane Muncke and Tove A Larsen (2003), "Investi-gating consumer attitudes towards the new technology of urine separation" , Water Science and Technology Vol 48, No 1, pages 57-65 .[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Rauch, Wolfgang, Doris Brockmann, Irene Peters, Tove A Larsen and Willi Gujer (2003), "Combining urine separation with waste design: an analysis using a stochastic model for urine production" , Water Research Vol 37, No 3, pages 681-689 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Scherer, Ulrike, Stephan Fuchs, Horst Behrendt and Thomas Hillenbrand (2003), "Emissions of heavy metals into river basins of Germany" , Water Science and Technology Vol 47, No 7-8, pages 251-257 .[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Siegrist, Hansruedi and Markus Boller (1999), "Auswirkungen des Phosphatverbots in den Waschmitteln auf die Abwasserreinigung in der Schweiz" , Korrespondenz Abwasser Vol 46, No 1, pages 57-65 (in German).
• Task Group (2001), Tenth Five-Year Plan, Task Group of Water Pollution Control in Dianchi Catchment Area, Kunming (in Chinese).
• Udert, Kai M, Tove A Larsen and Willi Gujer (2003), "Biologically induced precipitation in urine-collecting systems" , Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Vol 3, No 3, pages 71-78 .
• UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre (2002), Environmentally Sound Technology for Waste-water and Stormwater Management: An International Source Book, IWA Publishing, London .
• Walsh, Christopher J, Tim D Fletcher and Anthony R Ladson (2005), "Stream restoration in urban catchments through re-designing stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream" , Journal of the North American Benthological Society Vol 24, No 3, pages 690-705 .
• Wilsenach, Jac A and Mark C M van Loosdrecht (2004), "Effects of separate urine collection on advanced nutrient removal processes" , Environmental Science and Technology Vol 38, No 4, pages 1208-1215 .[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
• Witzel, Andreas (1982), Verfahren der qualitativen Sozialforschung. Überblick und Alternativen, Campus, Frankfurt am Main (in German).
• World Bank (1996), Environmental Assessment Report - Draft Executive Summary, Yunnan Environmental Project Office, Yunnan Institute of Environmental Sciences in association with Montgomery Watson, GHK/MRM International, Hunting Technical Services, Severn Trent Water International, Washington DC .
• World Bank (2001), China - Air, Land and Water: Environmental Priorities for a New Millennium, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, Washington DC .

Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 2, 353-368 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0956247806069615


CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This Article Abstract Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Saved Citations Download to citation manager Add to My Marked Citations Citing Articles Citing Articles via Web of Science (2) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Citing Articles via Scopus Google Scholar Articles by Medilanski, E. Articles by Larsen, T. A Search for Related Content Social Bookmarking                         What's this?